ASSIGNMENT CHAPTER 5

• Where the following information can be found?

1. Service of taxidermist.

• Yellow pages
• The Internet: Forum, company website, blog 

      2.  A consultant on carbon-fibre-reinforced composite materials

• Yellow pages
• Jabatan Kimia Negara
• The Internet
• ASTM handbook

      3. The price of an X4327 semiconductor chip

• Company website

      4. The melting point of osmium

• Table of element
• ASTM handbook
• Company catalog

      5. Proper hardening treatment for AISI 4320 steel

• ASTM handbook
• ANSI manual
•  

Uses of Old Newspapers

Uses of old newspaper

INTRODUCTION

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6,580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations. General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political events and personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. The newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of radio, movies, television, plays and restaurants; classified ads, display ads, radio and television listings, inserts from local merchants, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons and comic strips.

REUSE NEWSPAPER

If your old newspaper stack is about to take over your home, it is time to consider doing something with them. Don’t be so quick to toss that old newspaper in the recycling bin. Here are some ways you can reuse it.

 

1. Dampen and spread over window glass to protect it when you paint.
2. Wrap up glass and other breakables in thick sheets of newspaper before you pack them or to move.
3. old newspaper under a tablecloth at the kitchen or dining room table for extra padding to protect the wood.
4. Use these old newspapers as a protective covering when some painting is being done.
5. Newsprint absorbs grease very well, so use it under a paper towel to wick away oil from fried foods.
6. Stuff in wet shoes overnight to dry and deodorize. It can also be used to stuff in leather shoes to preserve shape.
7. You can cut out articles and make a scrapbook on a specific subject of interest to you.
8. Lay folded newspaper on your counter or table before you cut up messy fruits or vegetables.
9. Place several folded sheets of old newspaper on the floors of your vehicle. It will absorb water and help keep mud and dirt off the carpet.
10. Use vinegar, water and old newspapers to clean windows and mirrors. The combination will make your glass shine and leave it lint free too.

11. Use old newspaper as rags in your garage to wipe your greasy hands on, to wipe off paint brushes, to wipe up oil spills, and to clean up gasoline spills.
12. Use shredded newspaper to improve sticky, wet soil in your garden. Just dig it in (mulch) and let it do it’s job.
13. To ripen green tomatoes wrap them in newspaper to keep them warm and they will ripen in a couple of days.
14. During winter and very wet weather leave a stack of newspapers by the door. They will absorb water and wet mud and protect your floor from wet boots.
15. Paste the newspapers on the window pane for protection from the sunlight.
16. Layers of newspaper are great insulation, for cooling or heating.
17. Transport fresh flowers in damp newspaper to keep them fresh longer.
18. Spread out sheets of newspaper between plants in your garden to keep weed growth down.
19. Buy some glue, long sticks, string, and let your kids make kites.
20. Old newspapers are great sources of fire starters in your fireplace.

EXTRAORDINARY USES FOR OLD NEWSPAPERS

Do you have a subscription to your local newspaper? Many people do. In fact, people like you and me buy nearly fifty-five million newspapers every year. After we read the day's news, cut out a coupon or two, and solve the daily crossword puzzle, they become "old newspapers". So, then what can we do with them? Myself, I reuse, as well as, recycle them. Other than informing and entertaining us, a newspaper actually has many other worthwhile uses.

Twenty-five unique ways that you can use old newspapers:

Around the House:
1. Temporarily block the sun from streaming in windows.
2. Spread sheets of newspapers out and make clothing patterns
3. Dampen and spread over window glass to protect it when you paint.
4. Line and protect closet shelves and drawer bottoms
5. Place folded newspapers on the floor as a mat for wet shoes or muddy boots.
6. Make fire logs out of old newspapers. Roll sheets of newspapers up tightly in the shape of          

    a log. Tie them tight with string and use them in your fireplace or on a camp fire.
7. Do you still have some old 45 or other type of vinyl records? Store them safely by placing    

    old newspapers in between each one.
8. Ball up half sheets and let Kitty play with them. Cats love the crinkling noise.
9. Place balls of old newspapers inside leather shoes, purses, and in suitcases. They
    help leather items keep their shape. They also help deodorize them.

In the Garage:
1. Use old newspapers to polish windows to a streak-free shine. Also great for polishing     

      chrome.
2. Your auto have a fluid leak? Place sheets underneath your car when it's parked in the   

      garage to protect the floor.

3. If your auto's parked outside in the winter weather, lay old newspapers on the windshield   

      so you don't have to clean off ice and snow in the morning.

In the Garden:
1. Spread out sheets of newspaper between plants in your garden to keep weed growth down. Cheaper than black plastic!
2. Make mulch for your garden.
3. Bring green tomatoes in the house and wrap them in old newspapers. Place them in a dark, cool area, and they will ripen nicely.
4. Expecting a frost? Cover vulnerable garden plants with tents made out of newspapers.
5. Fold them over and kneel on them when you're working in the garden.
6. Transport fresh flowers in damp newspaper to keep them fresh longer.

Miscellaneous:
1. Buy some glue, long sticks, string, and let your kids make kites.
2. Celebrate New Year's Eve with confetti made from old newspapers.
3. Let the kids keep busy on a rainy day. Let them make paper chains, hand puppets, or  costumes.
5. Wrap up glass and other breakables in thick sheets of newspaper before you pack them to    move.
6. Temporarily cover up a broken window until you can get it repaired.
7. Use strips of newspaper in place of litter in your kitty's box.

Other Uses For Old Newspaper

1. Use as umbrella when caught in rain
2. Protect carseats from muddy or wet clothing
3. Spread over outdoor benches to protect clothing
4. Put into loose shoes to tighten
5. Stuff in leather shoes to preserve shape
6. Stuff in wet shoes overnight to dry and deorderize
7. Crumple and place in suitcase for couple of weeks to remove stale odors
8. Use as mat when polishing shoes
9. Stuff hats to keep their shape
10. Stuff leather handbags in storage
11. Wrap around candle bottoms so they'll fit holders tighter
12. Store records between sheets
13. Use as padding under a table cloth
14. Cover store windows when remodeling
15. Cover furniture when away on vacation
16. Cover furniture when sanding or painting
17. Spread on floor underneath rug when shampooing
18. Dampen and spread over window-panes before painting
19. Use to dry and polish window after washing
20. Dampen a bit and use to clean typewriter keys
21. Make a hat when painting
22. Fold to make a sheath for a knife
23. Place in closed windows to eliminate wind rattle
24. Stuff under doors and in cracks to stop cold wind from coming in
25. Use as a bounce reflector when taking flash photographs or use to reflect sunlight into shadow areas.
26. Place a sheet in jar tops to tighten loose lids
27. Make unusual lamp shades
28. Make dress patterns
29. Protect table when children are painting or gluing
30. Use as wallpaper for a doll house
31. Make paper chains
32. Make paper dolls
33. Make paper mache handicrafts
34. Make kites
35. Make party hats
36. Occupy children by letting them color and paint the cartoons
37. Make a child's play tent
38. Use to raise height of child at table
39. Use as a stepstool
40. Cut out articles and make a scrap book on a specific subject of interest to you.
41. Emergency pot holder
42. Use to remove heavy grease from oven
43. Emergency dust pan
44. Roll, secure in middle with elastic and fringe one end to use to get rid of cobwebs
45. Start fires
46. Use as a fan to make fires burn better
47. Sharpen pencils by rubbing the point on newspaper
48. Muffle a loud alarm clock
49. Muffle the sound of a typewriter by using as a mat underneath
50. Place under heavy objects on wooden tables
51. Spread out between garden rows to discourage weeds
52. Use to wrap green tomatoes to ripen
53. Cover plants during a frost
54. Use as a knee pad when gardening or scrubbing floors
55. Roll and use as a funnel
56. Roll and use as a torch
57. Roll and use as a megaphone outdoors
58. Use folded sheets as a fan to keep cool
59. Use as sun shade at spectator events
60. Use as a mat for wet darkroom photographs
61. Shred and stuff in vases to help support fresh flowers
62. Put under car wheels when stuck in snow, mud or sand
63. Line storage boxes
64. Line bottom of bird cage
65. Line shelves
66. Line waste baskets
67. Line a pet's sleeping box
68. Swat flies with rolled up sheets
69. Use to wipe paint brushes
70. Use as mat for wet, muddy boots
71. Shred and use for packing breakables
72. Wrap and store Christmas tree ornaments
73. Wrap around ice cream to keep frozen
74. Roll around baby bottle to insulate
75. Use as a blotter
76. Put inside coat for emergency warmth
77. Place on top of snow with bird feed on it
78. Place on windshield to prevent icing
79. Make a litter bag for your car
80. Crumple (no colors) and place in plastic containers to eliminate odors

At this time we all recycle our newspapers, but just in case you have an emergency and some paper that hasn’t gone to be recycled yet, here are some uses for it:

1. Protect car seats from muddy or wet clothing

2. Stuff in wet shoes overnight to dry and deodorize

3. Stuff leather handbags in storage

4. Cover furniture when sanding or painting

5. Use to dry and polish windows after washing

6. Crumple and place in suitcase for couple of weeks to remove stale odors

7. Place in closed windows to eliminate wind rattle

8. Stuff under doors and in cracks to stop cold wind from coming in

9. Make paper mache crafts

10. Make a child’s play tent

11. Start fires

12. Spread out between garden rows to discourage weeds

13. Use to wrap green tomatoes to ripen

14. Cover plants during a frost

15. Roll and use as a funnel

16. Roll and use as a torch

17. Put under car wheels when stuck in snow, mud or sand

18. Line bottom of bird cage

19. Use as mat for wet, muddy boots

20. Shred and use for packing breakable items

21. Wrap and store Christmas tree ornaments

22. Wrap around ice cream to keep frozen while transporting home

23. Protect table when children are doing crafts

House Of Quality

House of Quality

House of Quality is a diagram resembling a house used for defining the relationship between customer desires and the firm/product capabilities. It is a part of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and it utilizes a planning matrix to relate what the customer wants to how a firm (that produces the products) is going to meet those wants. It looks like a House with a "correlation matrix" as its roof, customer wants versus product features as the main part, competitor evaluation as the porch etc. It is based on "the belief that products should be designed to reflect customers' desires and tastes".It also is reported to increase cross functional integration within organizations using it, especially between marketing, engineering and manufacturing.

The basic structure is a table with "Whats" as the labels on the left and "Hows" across the top. The roof is a diagonal matrix of "Hows vs. Hows" and the body of the house is a matrix of "Whats vs. Hows". Both of these matrices are filled with indicators of whether the interaction of the specific item is a strong positive, a strong negative, or somewhere in between. Additional annexes on the right side and bottom hold the "Whys" (market research, etc.) and the "How Muches". Rankings based on the Whys and the correlations can be used to calculate priorities for the Hows.

House of Quality analysis can also be cascaded, with "Hows" from one level becoming the "Whats" of a lower level; as this progresses the decisions get closer to the engineering manufacturing details.

Diagram House Of Quality

Steps in Understanding the House of Quality

Introduction

Every successful company has always used data and information to help in its planning processes. In planning a new product, engineers have always examined the manufacturing and performance history of the current product. They look at field test data, comparing their product to that of their competitor’s product.They examine any customer satisfaction information that might happen to be available. Unfortunately, much of this information is often incomplete. It is frequently examined as individual data, without comparison to other data that may support or contradict it. By contrast, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) uses a matrix format to capture a number of issues that mare vital to the planning process.

 The House of Quality Matrix is the most recognized and widely used form of this method. It translates customer requirements, based on marketing research and benchmarking data, into an appropriate number of engineering targets to be met by a new product design. Basically, it is the nerve center and the engine that drives the entire QFD process. According to Hauser and Clausing, it is“a kind of conceptual map that provides the means for interfunctional planning and communication.”There are many different forms of the House of Quality, but its ability to be adapted to the requirements of a particular problem make it a very strong and reliable system to use. Its general format is made up of six major components. These include customer requirements, technical requirements, a planning matrix, an interrelationship matrix, a technical correlation matrix, and a technical priorities/benchmarks and targets section.

The Voice of the Customer

The initial steps in forming the House of Quality include determining, clarifying, and specifying the customers’ needs. These steps lay the foundation for a clearly defined venture and will ensure a project or process is well thought out prior to any further development.

Clarifying Customer Needs Customers buy benefits and producers offer features. This seems like a relatively simple notion, however, unless customers and producers are perfectly in tune with one another, it may be very difficult to anticipate these features, or each underlying benefit from each producer. It is of utter importance to translate the wishes of each and every customer into some tangible values that can be turned into engineering specifications. Some of theses features include but are not limited to:

· Parts

· Costs

· Functions

· Quality Character& Reliability

· Processes

· Tasks

· Figure 1: Examples of Customer Needs

Specifying the Customer Needs

After determining what items are most important to the customer, organizations must translate them into particulate specifications. Nothing can be produced, serviced or maintained without detailed specifications or some set of given standards. Each aspect of the desired item must be clearly defined: Measurements must be defined, heights specified , torques stated, and weights targeted. These values can be derived from several locations. Organizations can use known data from market research, or conduct new studies to gather necessary information. In any event, the needs, which were clarified and then explicitly stated, should be satisfied to the best of that organization’s ability.

Technical Requirements

The next step of the QFD process is identifying what the customer wants and what must be achieved to satisfy these wants. In addition, regulatory standards and requirements dictated by management must be identified. Once all requirements are identified it is important to answer what must be done to the product design to fulfill the necessary requirements.What a list of requirements from customers, management and regulatory standards an expanded list of what needs to be done to the product to fulfill the requirements.Figure 2 explains how to use a requirement chart to help the design process.

Planning Matrix

The next step in the QFD process is forming a planning matrix. The main purpose of the planning matrix is to compare how well the team met the customer requirements compared to its competitors. The planning matrix shows the weighted importance of each requirement that the team and its competitors are attempting to fulfill. Customer ratings, typically ranging from 1 to 5, are given to each company under each requirement. The customer ratings are combined with the weighted performance of each demand to produce an overall performance measure for the companies.

The planning matrix is a part of the “House of Quality” matrix.Interrelationship Matrix.The main function of the interrelationship matrix is to establish a connection between the customer’s product requirements and the performance measures designed to improve the product. The first step in constructing this matrix involves obtaining the opinions of the consumers as far as what they need and require from a specific product. These views are drawn from the planning matrix and placed on the left side of the interrelationship matrix.With this customer overview, the company can begin to formulate a strategy to improve their product. In doing this, the strengths and weaknesses of the company are weighted against the customer priorities to determine what aspects need to be changed to surpass the competition, what aspects need to change to equal the competition, and what aspects will be left unchanged.The optimal combination is desired.Knowing what improvements need to be made allows the list of performance measures to be generated and displayed across the top of the interrelationship matrix. By definition, a performance measure is a technical measure evaluating the product’s performance of a demanded quality (Terninco). In other words, the company must take the voice of the customer and translate it into engineering terms. The matrix will have at least one performance measure for each demanded quality.

After setting up the basic matrix, it is necessary to assign relationships between the customer requirements and the performance measures. These relationships are portrayed by symbols indicating a strong relationship, a medium relationship, or a weak relationship.The interrelationship matrix should follow the Pareto Principle keeping in mind that designing to the critical 20% will satisfy 80% of the customer desires (Terninco). Therefore, there should not be a significant number of strong relationships between pairs.

Technical Correlation Matrix

Performance measures in existing designs often conflict with each other.The technical correlation matrix,which is more often referred to as the Roof, is used to aid in developing relationships between customer requirements and product requirements and identifies where these units must work together otherwise they will be in a design conflict.The following symbols are used to represent what type of impact each requirement has on the other.

These symbols are then entered into the cells where a correlation has been identified. The objective is to highlight any requirements that might be in conflict with each other.Any cell identified with a high correlation is a strong signal to the team, and especially to the engineers, that significant communication and coordination are a must if any changes are going to be made. If there is a negative or strongly negative impact between requirements, the design must be compromised unless the negative impact can be designed out. Some conflicts can’t be resolved because they are an issue of physics.Others can be design-related, which leaves it up to the team to decide how to resolve them. Negative impacts can also represent constraints, which may be bi-directional. As a result, improving one of them may actually cause a negative impact to the other. Sometimes an identified change impairs so many others that it is just simply better to leave it alone.

According to Step-By-Step QFD by John Terninko, asking the following question when working with this part of the House of Quality helps to clarify the relationships among requirements: “If technical requirement X is improved, will it help or hinder technical requirement.

Many technical requirements are related to each other so working to improve one may help a related requirement and a positive or beneficial effect can result. On the other hand, working to improve one requirement may negatively affect a related requirement as mentioned above. One of the principal benefits of the Roof is that it flags these negative relationships so they can be resolved. If these issues aren’t settled satisfactorily, some aspects of the final product will dissatisfy the customer.

Technical Properties & Targets

The technical properties matrix uses specific items to record the priorities assigned to technical requirements. It also provides a technical performance achieved by competitive products and the degree of difficulty in developing each requirement. The final output of the matrix is a set of target values for each technical requirement to be met by the new design. In some cases, organizations are not able to create the most optimum design because of constraints related to cost, technology, or other related items.

Setting Design Targets & Benchmarks

The customer requirements are distributed across the relationships to the quality characteristics. This gives an organization prioritized quality characteristics. High priority quality characteristics usually indicate that working on this technical issue will deliver great value to the customer. A high quality characteristic weight indicates strong relationships with high priority demanded quality items.

An organization’s current products can be benchmarked technically with competitors' products on the high priority quality characteristics. In many cases, organizations should not be surprised to learn that competitors are better at a given task or characteristic. QFD assists organizations to identify technical areas and to develop areas where they can achieve the most cost effective customer satisfaction.Organizations can then examine the Customer Context for usage concerns that must be accounted for, and set design target specifications for our quality characteristics. At a minimum, current performance standards should be maintained.

Conclusion

The House of Quality functions as a living document and a source of ready reference for related products and future upgrades. While it is a great communication tool at each step in the process, the matrices are the means and not the end. Its purpose is to serve as a vehicle for dialogue to strengthen vertical and horizontal communications.Through customer needs and competitive analysis, the House of Quality helps to identify the critical technical components that require change. Issues are addressed that may never have surfaced before.

These critical issues are then driven through the other matrices to identify the critical parts, manufacturing operations, and quality control measures needed to produce a product that fulfills both customer needs and producer needs within a shorter development cycle time.

The net effect of all of this is that the items that drive the company’s actions are driven by the customer’s requirements. There is an increased focus on the customer and an increased awareness of their wants.Because of this focus, the process leads to improved customer understanding and the ultimate outcome.

Benchmarking